OFAC Venezuela sanctions in 2026
The full sanctions architecture from EO 13808 (2017) and EO 13884 (2019) through the current General License framework — what's blocked, what's licensed, and what the 2024 reimposition changed.
The General License framework, PDVSA bonds, Citgo, distressed-asset funds, and the institutional investor's view of Venezuela.
For institutional investors, hedge funds, and the lawyers who advise them, Venezuela in 2026 is a mosaic of OFAC General Licenses, defaulted sovereign and quasi-sovereign debt, frozen US-based assets like Citgo, and a slow-moving restructuring negotiation. These ten guides decode the current sanctions framework, the bond markets, and the institutional players actually trading the country.
The full sanctions architecture from EO 13808 (2017) and EO 13884 (2019) through the current General License framework — what's blocked, what's licensed, and what the 2024 reimposition changed.
GL 41 history from November 2022 through 2026 modifications, the oil-for-debt mechanism, production volume implications, and what other foreign operators have learned from it.
Defaulted PDVSA 2020s and 2022 maturities, historical holders, the New York litigation landscape, and the OFAC secondary-trading restrictions that shape the market.
The ~$60B sovereign default of 2017-onward, the bondholder committee status, restructuring negotiation history, and the Venezuela-law vs NY-law debt distinctions.
Specially Designated National listing mechanics, the 50% ownership rule, key Venezuelan SDNs, and the OFAC enforcement actions that have shaped industry practice.
The PDV Holding ownership chain, the Delaware court auction proceeds, Crystallex enforcement, the Conoco arbitral award, and the Red Tree Investments winning bid.
The original gold-mining concession, the ICSID arbitral award, the Delaware alter-ego ruling, and why this case unlocked the Citgo auction proceedings.
Who's actually buying defaulted Venezuelan debt right now — Ashmore, Greylock, Gramercy and others — and the OFAC compliance frameworks they operate under.
The empresa mixta joint-venture structure, current foreign operators (Chevron, Maurel et Prom, Repsol, ENI, BP), and the General License framework license-by-license.
UNCTAD and CEPAL flow data, the sector breakdown, country-of-origin trends, and the risk premium reflected in the deals actually closing in 2026.
VenezuelaInvestor covers four areas in depth — each with its own ten in-depth guides.